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【第36回 日本ソール・ベロー協会大会のお知らせ】

日時：2024年9月7日（土）午後1:00～5:00

会場：日本女子大学　百年館低層棟５階、505教室 

／ZOOM、対面とオンラインの併用

日本女子大学目白キャンパス（東京都文京区目白台2丁目8-1）

https://www.jwu.ac.jp/unv/

《プログラム》

①    開会の辞

②    総会

③   研究発表 (1:10～2:00 p.m.)

(1)「アレゴリカル・アフリカ――Henderson the Rain Kingにおける陰謀と洗脳の修辞学」

土岐光一（追手門学院大学）

(2)「爆破される自由の女神たち ―― オースター『リヴァイアサン』における 9/11以前の国内テロ表象について」

近藤佑樹（大阪大学外国語学部・人文学研究科）

④シンポジウム：　「文学翻訳における言語の問題について――ソール・ベローの短篇小説から」(2:00～5:00 p.m.)

(1)　ジャニス・ベローによる序文　　　　　鈴木 元子（静岡文化芸術大学名誉教授）

(2)　ジェイムズ・ウッドによる推薦の言葉　上田 雅美（静岡文化芸術大学・非常勤）

(3)　「セント・ローレンス川のほとりで」  林 日佳理（岐阜大学）

(4)　「銀の皿」　　　　　　　　渡邉 克昭（大阪大学名誉教授、名古屋外国語大学）

(5)　「古い道」                                                 鈴木 元子（静岡文化芸術大学・名誉）

(6)　「グリーン氏を探して」                        池田 肇子（福岡女学院大学名誉教授）

(7)　「遠い親類たち」                                    本田安都子（福井大学）

(8)　「ゼットランド―性格の証人による」  外山 健二（山口大学）

(9)　「モズビーの思い出」                            岩橋 浩幸（近畿大学・非常勤）

 (10)　「へまをやらかして」                          山内 圭（新見公立大学）

 (11)　「覚えていてほしいこと」                 篠 直樹（関西外国語大学）

 (12)　ソール・ベローによる後書き             　 井上 亜紗（武蔵野大学）

⑤　閉会の辞

爆破される自由の女神たち ―― オースター『リヴァイアサン』における

9/11以前の国内テロ表象について

第36回 日本ソール・ベロー協会大会

2024年9月7日（土）

日本女子大学／ZOOM

大阪大学　近藤佑樹

ykondo.hmt@osaka-u.ac.jp

本作の紹介文抜粋：

８０年代アメリカを舞台に、そのアメリカの理念に疑問を投げかけ、自由の女神像を爆破するテロリスト「ファントム・オブ・リバティ」となった作家サックスの人生を、友人でもあり作家でもあるアーロンが紡ぎなおす物語。これまでと異なって登場人物を多くプロットも込み入っている。そのぶん読みごたえのある一冊である。(秋元 191)

   In Auster’s eighth novel, Leviathan (1992), which he dedicated to his friend Don DeLillo, he dramatizes the confrontation of Peter Aaron, an American Jew (?), alias Paul Auster, with American history, or rather with the dual image of biblical and political chaos, that of Leviathan. The man of chaos is Benjamin Sachs, Peter Aaron’s friend, who was born the very day Hiroshima was bombed and dies on July 4, 1990, after becoming a terrorist and bombing the Statue of Liberty. The novel is fraught with historical references and is supposed to explore the question of freedom at the various stages of American history from its origins to the post-Hiroshima age. But it also serves an aesthetic purpose, that of showing that fiction and facts constantly overlap. (Chard-Hutchinson 17) 　　　　　*サックスが爆死したのは7月４日ではなくその６日前。彼が爆破したのは自由の女神そのものではなく、そのレプリカ（複数）。

1. Six days ago, a man blew himself up by the side of a road in northern Wisconsin. There were no witnesses, but it appears that he was sitting on the grass next to his parked car when the bomb he was building accidentally went off. According to the forensic reports that have just been published, the man was killed instantly. His body burst into dozens of small pieces, and fragments of his corpse were found as far as fifty feet away from the site of the explosion. As of today (July 4, 1990), no one seems to have any idea who the dead man was. (Leviathan 1)

2. It wasn’t that I was expecting him to tell this particular story, but I knew that it would be something like it, and when Sachs finally began (leaning back in his chair and saying, ‘You’ve heard of the Phantom of Liberty, I suppose?’) I scarcely even blinked. (L 222)

3. I [Mrs. Sachs] was a hefty, down-to-earth broad who’d been around the block a few times, but standing on those stairs that day, I got all weak inside, I had the cold sweats, I thought I was going to throw up. (L 34)

4. While Aaron emphasizes that the accident [in which Sachs falls from a fire escape] merely marked the culmination of various contributory factors, the symbolism of the fall is significant and reappears throughout Auster’s work, such as Sol Barber’s fall in Moon Palace, or Peter Stillman’s obsession with the biblical representation of the fall of mankind in City of Glass. (Hegarty 853-854) 

5. The opening question in Emerson’s piece (“Where do we find ourselves?”), which figures prominently throughout Cavell’s interpretation, coincides with Aaron’s reading of The New Colossus: “Thoreau was the one man who could read the compass for us, and now that he is gone, we have no hope of finding ourselves again. (qtd. in L 38-39)” (Zhang 545).

6-a. Although it isn’t said in so many words, the message couldn’t be clearer. America has lost its way. Thoreau was the one man who could read the compass for us, and now that he is gone, we have no hope of finding ourselves again. (L 38-39)
6-b. Sachs had never been much of a woodsman, and without a compass to orient his position, he couldn’t tell if he was traveling east or west or north or south. (L 148)

7-a. It seems unlikely that they [FBI agents] consider me [Aaron] a terrorist, but I say that only because I know I’m not. (L 7)

7-b. Terrorism had its place in the struggle, so to speak. (L 224)

8. Unlike the typical terrorist pronouncement with its inflated rhetoric and belligerent demands, the Phantom’s statements did not ask for the impossible. He simply wanted America to look after itself and mend its ways. In that sense, there was something almost Biblical about his exhortations, and after a while he began to sound less like a political revolutionary than some anguished, soft-spoken prophet. At bottom, he was merely articulating what many people already felt, and in some circles at least, there were those who actually spoke out in support of what he was doing. His bombs hadn’t hurt anyone, they argued, and if these two-bit explosions forced people to rethink their positions about life, then maybe it wasn’t such a bad idea after all. (L 217)

9. One implicit argument of this book has been that the United States has had a long and pervasive amnesia about different acts and forms of terrorism in its history. Most Americans have never heard of the 1886 Haymarket bombing, or can only dimly recall its historical significance, and certainly are not aware that the 11 September disaster involving foreign terrorists, sudden, catastrophic attacks without a public claim of responsibility, and a media frenzy are also the key elements of a paradigm fully established in the aftermath of that 1886 tragedy. The 1905 assassination of former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg with dynamite, the bombing of the Los Angeles Times building in 1910, and the 1920 explosion on Wall Street are also widely forgotten. The same is generally true for the thousands of black men and women lynched in the South, as well as for the much more recent rash of bombings perpetrated by the Weather Underground in the early 1970s. And though it remains underreported, clinics that perform abortions have been forced to become one of the most highly garrisoned public spaces in America due to their long history of bombing, bomb threats, and anthrax scares. Even the 1993 World Trade Center and 1995 Oklahoma City bombings have largely faced from our national consciousness. (Clymer 211-212)

10. More than 70 years after the League of Nations first proposed (in 1937) a legal definition of terrorism, such an agreement is still elusive. . . . First of all, we have to realize that there is no intrinsic essence to the concept of terrorism – it is a man-made construct and as such tends to reflect the interests of those who do the defining. (Schmid 39)

11. Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature. (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

12. In the past few months, the Phantom of Liberty had been the subject of editorials and sermons. He had been discussed on call-in radio shows, caricatured in political cartoons, excoriated as a menace to society, extolled as a man of the people. Phantom of Liberty T-shirts and buttons were on sale in novelty shops, jokes had begun to circulate, and just last month two strippers in Chicago had presented an act in which the Statue of Liberty was gradually disrobed and then seduced by the Phantom. He was making a mark, he said, a much greater mark than he had ever thought possible. (L 234)

13. The Phantom was a sign of my friend’s absence, a catalyst for personal pain, but more than a year went by before I took notice of the Phantom himself. That was in the spring of 1989, and it happened when I switched on my television set and saw the students of the Chinese democracy movement unveil their clumsy imitation of the Statue of Liberty in Tiananmen Square. I realized then that I had underestimated the power of the symbol. It stood for an idea that belonged to everyone, to everyone in the world, and the Phantom had played a crucial part in resurrecting its meaning. I had been wrong to dismiss him. He had caused a disturbance somewhere deep inside the earth, and the waves were now beginning to rise to the surface, touching every part of the ground at once. (L 245)

14. I finished Luna in mid-April, two months after my talk with Sachs in the restaurant. . . . I began writing a second novel. When Luna was finally taken (seven months and sixteen rejections later), I was already well into my new project. (L 100-101)

15. It was a Saturday afternoon in February or March, and the two of us had been invited to give a joint reading of our work at a bar in the West Village. (L 9)

16. Whatever you [Aaron] might think of me [Sachs], I’m grateful to you for listening. The story needed to be told, and better to you than to anyone else. If and when the time comes, you’ll know how to tell it to others, you’ll make them understand what this business is said and done, you’re the only person I can count on. (L 236)

17-a. In the introduction I mentioned briefly what the two concepts – the “pen” and “bomb” – imply: the dynamic of creation, the detonation of energy (Zhang 553)

17-b. By destroying the replicas of the Statue of Liberty, by transgressing the limits of the present culture, the Phantom urges every citizen to consider relations between the moral law and the social contract, to understand his/her distance from what culture truly represents, and to renew the meaning of “America” with his/her own agency. (Zhang 553-554)

18. It was eight o’clock when I stepped out onto the street, eight o’clock on the morning of September 11, 2001 – just forty-six minutes before the first place crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Just two hours after that, the smoke of three thousand incinerated bodies would drift over toward Brooklyn and come pouring down on us in a white cloud of ashes and death.

   But for now it was still eight o’clock, and as I walked along the avenue under that brilliant blue sky, I was happy, my friends, as happy as any man who had ever lived. (Brooklyn Follies 303-304)

参考文献

Auster, Paul. Baumgartner. Faber and Faber, 2023.  

---. Brooklyn Follies. Faber and Faber, 2005.

---. 4 3 2 1. Faber and Faber, 2017.  

­---. Man in the Dark. Faber and Faber, 2008.

---. Leviathan. 1992. Faber and Faber, 2011.

Chard-Hutchinson, Martine. “Paul Auster.” Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists: A Bio-Critical

Sourcebook, edited by Joel Shatzky and Michael Taub. Greenwood, 1997.
Clymer, Jeffory A. America’s Culture of Terrorism: Violence, Capitalism, and the Written Word.                      

U of North Carolina P, 2003.

Fujii, Hikaru. “In the Shadow of Lady Liberty: The Subject of Resistance in Paul Auster’s Leviathan.”

Studies in English Literature, vol.46, no.1, 2005, pp. 177-197,

https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11074545/1.

Hegarty, Emma. “The Practice of Solitude: Agency and the Postmodern Novelist in Paul Auster’s

Leviathan.” Textual Practice, vol. 23, no.5, 2009, pp.849-868.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09502360903000521

“Terrorism.” FBI, 3 May 2016, www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism. Accessed 06 Aug. 2024.　
Scanlan, Margaret. Plotting Terror: Novelists and Terrorists in Contemporary Fiction.

U of Virginia P, 2001.    

Schmid, Alex, editor. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge, 2011.

Zhang, Meiping. “Pen and Bomb: Creative Agency in Paul Auster’s Leviathan.” Journal of

American Studies, vol.53, no.2, 2019, pp. 536-555,     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817001967.

秋元孝文「『リヴァイアサン』」『現代作家ガイド① ポール・オースター [増補改訂版]』

           飯野友幸編、彩流社、2013年、pp.191-199。

下條恵子 「抵抗の空間構築：Mao IIとLeviathanにおけるスペクタクルと文学」『アメリカ

           文学研究』 2008年、44 巻、 pp. 69-86。

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